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"Dr. McClintock made this discovery nearly 40 years before she won the Nobel
Prize, at a time when genetics was still so that her ideas baffled other
scientists and were often dismissed outright or ignored.

In an introduction to a volume of papers about Dr. McClintock, produced in
celebration of her 90th birthday, Dr. Nina Fedoroff of the Carnegie
Institution of Washington and Dr. David Botstein of Stanford University
described Dr. McClintock's plight.

Her ideas about transposable elements, they wrote, were "ahead of her time
and Barbara found herself in an anomalous and unique position," adding, "She
was universally respected and admired as one of the leading geneticists of
her era, yet the reaction to her latest and perhaps most profound
discoveries and insights was often uncomprehending or indifferent and not
infrequently dismissive or even hostile." Filed Her Early Data

Concluding that she could never convince the scientific community, Dr.
McClintock doggedly carried on with her work, carefully filing her data away
and writing them up only in her annual reports to the Carnegie Institution
of Washington, which supported her work.

In her biography of Dr. McClintock, "A Feeling for the Organism," Dr. Evelyn
Fox Keller of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology wrote that
geneticists were baffled by Dr. McClintock's ideas because they seemed too
much at odds with the very nature of Darwinian evolution. The theory of
evolution holds that changes occur randomly in genes, giving rise to
variations that may or may not prove beneficial.

Dr. McClintock, however, was saying that purposeful changes occur in genes,
that transposable elements jump to specific places to insert themselves into
genetic material and alter it."

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